DevTut

# Foreign Function Interface

# Calling C from Haskell

For performance reasons, or due to the existence of mature C libraries, you may want to call C code from a Haskell program. Here is a simple example of how you can pass data to a C library and get an answer back.

foo.c:

#include <inttypes.h>

int32_t foo(int32_t a) {
  return a+1;
}

Foo.hs:

import Data.Int

main :: IO ()
main = print =<< hFoo 41

foreign import ccall unsafe "foo" hFoo :: Int32 -> IO Int32

The unsafe keyword generates a more efficient call than 'safe', but requires that the C code never makes a callback to the Haskell system. Since foo is completely in C and will never call Haskell, we can use unsafe.

We also need to instruct cabal to compile and link in C source.

foo.cabal:

name:                foo
version:             0.0.0.1
build-type:          Simple
extra-source-files:  *.c
cabal-version:       >= 1.10

executable foo
  default-language: Haskell2010
  main-is:       Foo.hs
  C-sources:     foo.c
  build-depends: base

Then you can run:

> cabal configure
> cabal build foo
> ./dist/build/foo/foo
42

# Passing Haskell functions as callbacks to C code.

It is very common for C functions to accept pointers to other functions as arguments. Most popular example is setting an action to be executed when a button is clicked in some GUI toolkit library. It is possible to pass Haskell functions as C callbacks.

To call this C function:

void event_callback_add (Object *obj, Object_Event_Cb func, const void *data)

we first import it to Haskell code:

foreign import ccall "header.h event_callback_add"
    callbackAdd :: Ptr () -> FunPtr Callback -> Ptr () -> IO ()

Now looking at how Object_Event_Cb is defined in C header, define what Callback is in Haskell:

type Callback = Ptr () -> Ptr () -> IO ()

Finally, create a special function that would wrap Haskell function of type Callback into a pointer FunPtr Callback:

foreign import ccall "wrapper"
    mkCallback :: Callback -> IO (FunPtr Callback)

Now we can register callback with C code:

cbPtr <- mkCallback $ \objPtr dataPtr -> do
    -- callback code
    return ()
callbackAdd cpPtr

It is important to free allocated FunPtr once you unregister the callback:

freeHaskellFunPtr cbPtr

# Syntax

  • foreign import ccall unsafe "foo" hFoo :: Int32 -> IO Int32 {- Imports a function named foo in some object file, and defines the symbol hFoo which can be called with Haskell code. -}

# Remarks

While cabal has support for including a C and C++ libraries in a Haskell package, there are a few bugs. First, if you have data (rather than a function) defined in b.o that is used in a.o, and list the C-sources: a.c, b.c, then cabal will be unable to find the data. This is documented in #12152 (opens new window). A workaround when using cabal is to reorder the C-sources list to be C-sources: b.c, a.c. This may not work when using stack, because stack always links the C-sources alphabetically, regardless of the order in which you list them.

Another issues is that you must surround any C++ code in header (.h) files with #ifdef __cplusplus guards. This is because GHC doesn't understand C++ code in header files. You can still write C++ code in header files, but you must surround it with guards.

ccall refers to the calling convention; currently ccall and stdcall (Pascal convention) are supported. The unsafe keyword is optional; this reduces overhead for simple functions but may cause deadlocks if the foreign function blocks indefinitely or has insufficient permission to execute1 (opens new window).

← Gtk3 →